<html>
<head>
<style><!--
.hmmessage P
{
margin:0px;
padding:0px
}
body.hmmessage
{
font-size: 10pt;
font-family:Tahoma
}
--></style></head>
<body class='hmmessage'><div dir='ltr'>
<DIV class=album_title uid="13">
<H1 uid="14" itxtBad="1">Internet History Timeline: ARPNET to the World Wide Web</H1></DIV>
<DIV style="FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 300px">
<DIV class=by_line>Kim Zimmermann</DIV></DIV>
<BR>
<BR>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="157">Credit for the initial concept that developed into the World Wide Web is typically given to Leonard Kleinrock. In 1961, he wrote about ARPANET, the predecessor of the <A href="http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/2407-internet.html" itxtNodeId="164" itxtBad="1">Internet</A>, in a paper entitled “Information Flow in Large Communication Nets.” Kleinrock, along with other innnovators such as J.C.R. Licklider, the first director of the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO), provided the backbone for the ubiquitous stream of emails, media, Facebook postings and tweets that are now shared online every day.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="157"> </P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="155">The precursor to the Internet was jumpstarted in the early days of <A href="http://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html" itxtNodeId="180" itxtBad="1">computing history</A>, in 1969 with the U.S. Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). ARPA-funded researchers developed many of the protocols used for Internet communication today. This timeline offers a brief <A href="http://internet-browser-review.toptenreviews.com/important-events-in-the-history-of-the-world-wide-web.html" itxtNodeId="179" itxtBad="1">history of the Internet</A>’s evolution:</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="154"><STRONG itxtNodeId="181" itxtBad="1">1965:</STRONG> Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using packet-switching technology.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="153"><STRONG itxtNodeId="182" itxtBad="1">1968:</STRONG> Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the Interface Message Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET contract.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="151"><STRONG itxtNodeId="195" itxtBad="1">1969:</STRONG> On Oct. 29, UCLA’s Network Measurement Center, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) , University of California, Santa Barbara and University of Utah install nodes. The <A href="http://www.livescience.com/5839-40-years-message-conceived-internet.html" itxtNodeId="194" itxtBad="1">first message</A> is “LO,” which was an attempt by student Charles Kline to “LOGIN” to the SRI computer from the university. However, the message was unable to be completed because the SRI system crashed.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="150"><STRONG itxtNodeId="196" itxtBad="1">1972:</STRONG> BBN’s Ray Tomlinson introduces network e-mail. The Internetworking Working Group (INWG) forms to address need for establishing standard protocols.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="149"><STRONG itxtNodeId="197" itxtBad="1">1973:</STRONG> Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term Internet is born.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="148"><STRONG itxtNodeId="198" itxtBad="1">1974:</STRONG> The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) is born with the introduction of a commercial version of ARPANET, known as Telenet.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="147"><STRONG itxtNodeId="200" itxtBad="1">1974:</STRONG> Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (the duo said by many to be the <A href="http://www.livescience.com/5839-40-years-message-conceived-internet.html" itxtNodeId="199" itxtBad="1">Fathers of the Internet</A>) publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design of TCP.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="146"><STRONG itxtNodeId="201" itxtBad="1">1976:</STRONG> Queen Elizabeth II hits the “send button” on her first e-mail.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="145"><STRONG itxtNodeId="202" itxtBad="1">1979</STRONG>: USENET forms to host news and discussion groups.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="144"><STRONG itxtNodeId="203" itxtBad="1">1981:</STRONG> The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided a grant to establish the Computer Science Network (CSNET) to provide networking services to university computer scientists.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="143"><STRONG itxtNodeId="204" itxtBad="1">1982:</STRONG> Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. This results in the fledgling definition of the Internet as connected TCP/IP internets. TCP/IP remains the standard protocol for the Internet.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="142"><STRONG itxtNodeId="206" itxtBad="1">1983:</STRONG> The <A href="http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/1108-icann-new-domain-names-top-level-domains.html" itxtNodeId="205" itxtBad="1">Domain Name System</A> (DSN) establishes the familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system for naming websites. This is easier to remember than the previous designation for websites, such as 123.456.789.10.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="141"><STRONG itxtNodeId="207" itxtBad="1">1984:</STRONG> William Gibson, author of "Neuromancer," is the first to use the term "cyberspace."</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="140"><STRONG itxtNodeId="208" itxtBad="1">1985:</STRONG> Symbolics.com, the website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, becomes the first registered domain.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="139"><STRONG itxtNodeId="209" itxtBad="1">1986:</STRONG>The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online to connected supercomputer centers at 56,000 bits per second — the speed of a typical dial-up computer modem. Over time the network speeds up and regional research and education networks, supported in part by NSF, are connected to the NSFNET backbone — effectively expanding the Internet throughout the United States. The NSFNET was essentially a network of networks that connected academic users along with the ARPANET.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="138"><STRONG itxtNodeId="210" itxtBad="1">1987:</STRONG> The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="137"><STRONG itxtNodeId="211" itxtBad="1">1989:</STRONG> World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access to the Internet.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="136"><STRONG itxtNodeId="213" itxtBad="1">1990:</STRONG> <A href="http://www.technewsdaily.com/2057-the-man-who-invented-the-world-wide-web-.html" itxtNodeId="212" itxtBad="1">Tim Berners-Lee</A>, a scientist at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, develops HTML. This technology continues to have a large impact on how we navigate and view the Internet today.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="135"><STRONG itxtNodeId="215" itxtBad="1">1991:</STRONG> CERN introduces the <A href="http://www.technewsdaily.com/3010-the-world-wide-web-turns-20-years-old.html" itxtNodeId="214" itxtBad="1">World Wide Web</A> to the public.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="134"><STRONG itxtNodeId="216" itxtBad="1">1992:</STRONG> The first audio and video are distributed over the Internet. The phrase “surfing the Intenet” is popularized.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="133"><STRONG itxtNodeId="217" itxtBad="1">1993:</STRONG> The number of websites reaches 600 and the White House and United Nations go online. Marc Andreesen develops the Mosaic web browser at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. The number of computers connected to NSFNET grows from 2,000 in 1985 to more than 2 million in 1993. The National Science Foundation leads an effort to outline a new Internet architecture that would support the burgeoning commercial use of the network.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="132"><STRONG itxtNodeId="218" itxtBad="1">1994:</STRONG> Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a web browser for Windows 95.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="131"><STRONG itxtNodeId="219" itxtBad="1">1995:</STRONG> Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy begin to provide Internet access. Amazon.com, Craiglist and eBay go live. The original NSFNET backbone is decommissioned as the Internet’s transformation to a commercial enterprise is largely completed.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="130"><STRONG itxtNodeId="221" itxtBad="1">1996:</STRONG> The <A href="http://blog.laptopmag.com/why-internet-explorer-is-losing-the-browser-war-in-pictures" itxtNodeId="220" itxtBad="1">browser war</A>, primarily between the two major players Microsoft and Netscape, heats up. CNET buys tv.com for $15,000.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="129"><STRONG itxtNodeId="222" itxtBad="1">1997:</STRONG> PC makers can remove or hide Microsoft’s Internet software on new versions of Windows 95, thanks to a settlement with the Justice Department. Netscape’s announces that its browser will be free.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="128"><STRONG itxtNodeId="223" itxtBad="1">1998:</STRONG> The Google search engine is born, changing the way users engage with the Internet.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="127"><STRONG itxtNodeId="224" itxtBad="1">1999:</STRONG> AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a reality as Napster arrives on the Internet, much to the displeasure of the music industry.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="126"><STRONG itxtNodeId="226" itxtBad="1">2000:</STRONG> The dot-com bubble bursts. Web sites such as Yahoo! and eBay are hit by a large-scale <A href="http://www.securitynewsdaily.com/795-domain-name-giant-slowed-by-denial-of-service-attacks.html" itxtNodeId="225" itxtBad="1">denial of service attack</A>, highlighting the vulnerability of the Internet. AOL merges with Time Warner.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="124"><STRONG itxtNodeId="238" itxtBad="1">2001:</STRONG> A federal judge shuts down Napster, ruling that it must find a way to stop users from sharing copyrighted material before it can go back online.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="123"><STRONG itxtNodeId="239" itxtBad="1">2003.</STRONG> The SQL Slammer worm spread worldwide in just 10 minutes. Myspace, Skype and the Safari web browser debut.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="122"><STRONG itxtNodeId="240" itxtBad="1">2004:</STRONG> Facebook goes online and the era of social networking begins. Mozilla unveils the Mozilla Firefox browser.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="121"><STRONG itxtNodeId="241" itxtBad="1">2005:</STRONG> YouTube.com launches.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="120"><STRONG itxtNodeId="242" itxtBad="1">2006:</STRONG> AOL changes its business model, offering most services for free and relying on advertising to generate revenue. The Internet Governance Forum meets for the first time.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="119"><STRONG itxtNodeId="244" itxtBad="1">2009:</STRONG> The Internet marks it’s 40<SUP itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="243">th</SUP> anniversary.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="118"><STRONG itxtNodeId="245" itxtBad="1">2010-</STRONG> Facebook reaches 400 million active users.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="117"><STRONG itxtNodeId="246" itxtBad="1">2011:</STRONG> Twitter and Facebook play a large role in the Middle East revolts.</P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="126"> </P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="126">Source : <A href="http://www.livescience.com/20727-internet-history.html">http://www.livescience.com/20727-internet-history.html</A></P>
<P itxtHarvested="0" itxtNodeId="126"> </P> </div></body>
</html>