<h1 class="ec-blog-fly-title">Copyright and time zones</h1>
<h3 class="ec-blog-headline">
A virtual end of time </h3>
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Oct 11th 2011, 15:36 by K.N.C. | TOKYO </p>
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<p><img class="imagecache-original-size" src="http://media.economist.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/original-size/20111015_STP506.jpg" alt="">FOR
years millions of the world's computers co-ordinated time-zone
differences by pointing to a not-for-profit database run by an American
university professor and a government researcher. But on October 6th (at
exactly 15:16:02 GMT) it was shut down, following a lawsuit claiming
that the database infringed copyright.</p><p>The "tz database" was used
by computers running Unix, Linux, Java, Oracle, as well as some web
services, to determine the correct time for a given location. It not
only established current time-zone differences but historical ones, too.
(Such as when Britain adopted "double summer time" during the second
world war so factory lines would run longer.) Keeping the database up to
date meant between 20 and 100 modifications per year, estimates Stephen
Colebourne, a Java developer in London, <a href="http://blog.joda.org/2011/10/today-time-zone-database-was-closed.html" target="_blank">in a blog post</a>. The data would be published as a set of files about 15 times a year.</p>
<p>It
was so closely associated with its founders that it was also known as
the "Olson database", named after Arthur David Olson of America's
National Institutes of Health, who cobbled it together with Paul Eggert,
a computer scientist at the University of California, Los Angeles. The
data files were hosted on servers at both institutions. Both men were
named in the suit, but their organizations were not (perhaps because as
government-backed bodies they benefit from sovereign immunity against
infringement claims).</p><p>In the suit filed on September 30th (and available <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/67760407/ASTROLABE-INC-Vs-ARTHUR-DAVID-OLSON-and-PAUL-EGGERT-Complaint" target="_blank">here</a>),
Astrolabe, a firm in Massachusetts, argued that it holds the licence to
the copyright of historical time-zone data from its "ACS Atlas", which
the tz database previously acknowledged as the source of its pre-1991
American figures. It sought unspecified damages. Many developers would
have assumed that the material was either in the public domain or
un-copyrightable (because they are facts not expression) or covered
under fair use. Yet by yanking the database, the matter will not be
tested in court.</p><p>Coincidentally, Mr Olson was planning to give up
his role as the custodian of the database and entrust it to the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which manages part of the internet's
domain name system (as laid out <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-lear-iana-timezone-database-04" target="_blank">here</a>).
Whether that happens now is uncertain. The brouhaha seems yet another
example of the informality of the internet's early days—a chaotic,
open-source ethos that helped give rise to the network—threatened by
commercial interests and law (as our recent <a href="http://www.economist.com/node/21530955" target="_blank">report</a> from the Internet Governance Forum and <a href="http://www.economist.com/node/21531011" target="_blank">leader</a> explain).</p>
<p>For now, firms that relied on the tz database will need to find an alternative; some geeks are already busy thrashing out <a href="https://mm.icann.org/mailman/listinfo/tz" target="_blank">a plan</a>.
Yet chaos is unlikely to ensue: firms can simply stick with the latest
version of the time-zone file. One company that need not worry is
Microsoft, which already uses its own time-zone database—and would, no
doubt, be only too glad to flog it to others.</p> </div>